Is Winning the Only Thing That Matters?
An Analysis of Team Sport Head Coach Tenure in the NCAA Power Five and Group of Five Conferences
Keywords:
Coach Tenure, Intercollegiate Athletics, Coach SuccessionAbstract
Intercollegiate coaching is often a transient occupation with short tenure. Embedded within the structure of higher education, college head coaches must meet a variety of athletic and academic expectations to retain their positions. Studies on coaching succession have targeted the causes and results of coaching changes, but few investigated the length of tenure or the variables most likely to predict it. The current study investigated coaching tenures (N = 414) for head coaches in seven team sports within the Group of Five and Power Five NCAA conferences between 2010 and 2020. Eleven performance, demographic, and academic variables were examined. Results of Pearson correlations and ordinary least squares multiple regression indicated winning variables were significant, but also revealed the non-significance of assumed academic and descriptive variables often touted within intercollegiate athletics. Findings also unveiled “revenue” and men’s sports have shorter coaching tenures that end negatively and are based more on winning than Olympic and female sports.
References
Adler, E. S., Berry, R. J., & Doherty, D. (2013). Pushing “reset”: The conditional effects of coaching replacements on college football performance. Social Science Quarterly, 94(1), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2012.00929.x
Allen, D. W., & Chadwick, C. (2012). Performance, expectations, and managerial dismissal: Evidence from the National Football League. Journal of Sports Economics, 13(4), 337-363.
Avery, C., Cadman, B., & Cassar, G. (2016). Academics vs. athletics: Career concerns for NCAA Division I coaches. Harvard Kennedy School, 16(13), 1-49.
Belzer, J. (2015, February 19). The dynamic role of the modern-day athletics director. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jasonbelzer/2015/02/19/the-dynamic-roleof-the-modern-day-college-athletics director/#2f56e5c26076
Brown, M. C. (1982). Administrative succession and organizational performance: The succession effect. Administrative Science Quarterly, 94(1) 29-58.
Brush, B. C., & Naples, G. J. (2011). Winning in NCAA women’s soccer: Does the gender of the coach matter? Contemporary Issues in Education Research, 8(4), 19-28.
Cannella Jr., A. A., & Rowe, W, G. (1995). Leader capabilities, succession, and competitive context: A study of professional baseball teams. The Leadership Quarterly, 6(1), 69-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/1048-9843(95)90005-5
Cason, D., Lee, M., Lee, J., Yeo, I., & Arner, E, J. (2020). The impact of legalization of sports gambling: How motivation, fandom, and gender influence sport-related consumption. International Journal of Sport Communication, 13(4), 643-654.
Cavanagh, M. (2006). Coaching from a systemic perspective: A complex adaptive conversation. Evidence Based Coaching Handbook, p. 313-354.
Chelladura, P., & Danylchuk, K. E. (1984). Operative goals of intercollegiate athletics: Perceptions of athletic administrators. Journal of Applied Sport Science, 9(1), 33-41.
Christianson, E. (2004, April 29). NCAA board of directors adopts landmark academic reform package. http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/PressArchive/2004/Legislation/NCAA+Board+of+Directors+Adopts+Landmark+Academic+Reform+Package.html
Cook, A., & Glass, C. (2013). Glass cliffs and organizational saviors: Barriers to minority leadership in work organizations? Social Problems, 60(2), 168-187.
Cooper, C. G., Eagleman, A., & Laucella, P. C. (2009). NCAA March Madness: An investigation of gender coverage in USA Today during the NCAA basketball tournaments. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 2, 299-311.
Cunningham, G. B., & Dixon M. A. (2003). New perspectives concerning performance appraisals of intercollegiate coaches. Quest, 55(2), 177-192.
Dohrn, S., Lopez, Y. P., & Reinhardt, G. (2015). Leadership succession and performance: An application to college football. Journal of Sport Management, 29, 76-92.
Fee, C. E., Hadlock, C. J., & Pierce J. R. (2006). Promotions in the internal and external labor market: Evidence from professional football coaching careers. Journal of Business, 79(2), 821-850.
Eidelson, R. (1997). Complex adaptive systems in the behavioral and social sciences. Review of General Psychology, 1, 42-71.
Fizel, J. L., & D’Itri, M. P. (1997). Managerial efficiency, managerial succession and organizational performance. Managerial & Decision Economics, 18(4), 295-308. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1468(199706)
Forsythe, S., Upright, P., Mergenthal, R., & Jordan, P. (2019). The impacts of head coaching change on intercollegiate student-athletes. Kansas Association of Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 56(2), 73-85.
Gamson, W. A., & Scotch, N. A. (1964). Scapegoating in baseball. American Journal of Sociology, 70(1), 69-72.
Garner, J., Humphrey P. R., & Simkins, B. (2016). The business of sport and the sport of business: A review of the compensation literature in finance and sports. International Review of Financial Analysis, 47, 197-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2016.06.003
Goff, B., Wilson, D., & Zimmer, D. (2019). The effect of management changes on winning in professional sports: Analysis using a dynamic lag adjustment model. Managerial & Decision Economics, 40(8), 982-992.
Goodman, J. (2015). Coaching change rundown. ESPN. http://espn.go.com/mens-collegebasketball/story/_/id/12562380/college-basketball- coaching-carousel-which-head-coaches- coming-in Accessed 4/27/16.
Grasgreen, A. (2012, April 20). More credits, more clusters. Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved from http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2012/04/20/football-advisers-predict- negativeathlete-outcomes-under-9-credit-rule
Grusky, O. (1960). Administrative succession in formal organizations. Social Forces, 39, 105- 115.
Grusky, O. (1963). Managerial succession and organization effectiveness. American Journal of Sociology, 69, 21-31.
Hackman, R. J., & Oldham, G. R. (1976). Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory. Organizational Behavior & Human Performance, 16(2), 250-279.
Heller, E. A., Gilson, T. A., & Paule-Koba, A. (2016). “So, who’s our new coach?”: NCAA student athletes’ perceptions after a head coaching change. The Sport Journal, 19, 1-16.
Hoffman, J. L. (2015). Playoffs & payoffs: The college football-coaching carousel. Change, 47(5), 37-42.
Holmes, P. (2011). Win or go home: Why college football coaches get fired. Journal of Sports Economics, 12(2), 157-178
Hosick, M. B. (2009, May 6). Latest APR jumps three points. http://ncaanewsarchive.s3.amazonaws.com/2009/Division-I/latest-apr-jumps-three-points---ncaa-news---5-6-09.html
Hosick, M. B. (2010). Head coach APR database released. NCAA News.http://ncaanewsarchive.s3.amazonaws.com/2010-news-stories/august-latest-news/head-coach-apr-database-released.html
Humphreys, B. R., Paul, R. J., & Weinbach, A. P. (2016). Performance expectations and the tenure of head coaches: Evidence from NCAA football. Research in Economics, 70, 482-492.
Johnson, J. E., Blom, L. C., Judge, L. W., Lee, D., Pierce, D. A., & Ridley, M. J. (2013). The impact of Football Bowl Subdivision head coaching changes on NCAA Academic Progress Rate. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 6, 131-154.
Johnson, J. E., Manwell, A. K., & Scott, B. F. (2018). The NCAA Academic Progress Rate and men’s basketball: An examination of coaching succession. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 11, 142-167.
Johnson, J. E., Pierce, D. A., Krohn, B., Judge, L. W., & Scott, B. F. (2017). A post-succession analysis of factors influencing coaching success in NCAA Division I men’s basketball. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics,10, 122-146.
Johnson, J. E., Pierce, D. A., Tracy, D. R., & Ridley, M. J. (2015). The influence of football head coaching change in the Football Championship Subdivision: An evaluation of the NCAA Academic Progress Rate. Journal of Sport Behavior, 38(1), 26-51.
Johnson, J. E., Wessel, R. D., & Pierce, D. A. (2012). The influence of selected variables on NCAA Academic Progress Rate. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 5, 149-171.
Kamphoff, S, C. (2010). Bargaining with patriarchy: Former female coaches’ experiences and their decision to leave collegiate coaching. Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 81(3), 360-372.
Kamphoff, S, C., Armentrout, M, S., Driska, A. (2010). The token female: Women’s experiences as Division I collegiate head coaches of men’s teams. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 3(2), 297-315.
Knight Commission. (2021). Connecting athletics revenues with the educational model of college sports: C.A.R.E. Model of college sports. https://www.knightcommission.org/wp- content/uploads/2021/09/CAREModel.pdf
Krumboltz, J. D., Mitchell, A. M., & Jones, B. G. (1976). A social learning theory of career selection. The Counseling Psychologist, 6(1), 71-81.
Lewis, M. (2004). Moneyball. Norton.
Lovett, D. J., & Lowry, C. (1988). The role of gender in leadership positions in female sport programs in Texas colleges. Journal of Sport Management, 2(2), 106-117, https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2.2.106
Marback, T. L., Short, S. E., Short, M. W., Philip, S. J. (2005). Coaching confidence: An exploratory investigation of sources and gender differences. Journal of Sport Behavior, 28(1), 18-34.
Maxcy, J. G. (2013). Efficiency and managerial performance in FBS college football: To the employment and succession decisions, which matters the most, coaching or recruiting? Journal of Sport Economics, 14, 368-388.
Miller, K. (2018, February 21). College basketball coaches on the hot seat with March approaching. Bleacher Report. http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2760126-college- basketball-coaches-on-the-hot-seatwith-march-approaching
National Collegiate Athletic Association. (2021).https://www.ncaa.org/sports/2021/6/28/mission-and-priorities.aspx
Nesseler, C., Gomez-Gonzalez, C., & Gasparetto, T. (2021). Coach tenure in college women’s soccer: Do race, gender, and career background matter? Sport in Society, 24(6), 972-989.
Neuendorf, K. A. (2002). The content analysis guidebook. Sage Publications.
Ng, T. W. H., Feldman, D. C. (2013). A meta-analysis of the relationships of age and tenure with innovation-related behavior. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86(4), 585-616. https://doi-org.proxy.bsu.edu/10.1111/joop.12031
Parkhouse, B. L., & Williams, J. M. (1986). Differential effects of sex and status on evaluation of coaching ability. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 57(1), 53-59, https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1986.10605388
Pierce, D. A., Johnson, J. E., Krohn, B. D., & Judge, L. W. (2017). Who should we hire?: Examining coaching succession in NCAA Division I women’s basketball. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 12(2), 151-161.
Pifer, N. D., & Huml, M. R. (2020). The year-two effect: Evidence and antecedents for second season success in NCAA Division I football. Journal of Sports Analytics, 6, 45-60. doi: 10.3233/JSA-190362
Rechner, P. K., & Dalton, D. R. (1991). CEO duality and organizational performance: A longitudinal analysis. Strategic Management Journal, 12(2), 155-160. doi:10.1002/smj.4250120206
Riffe, D., Lacy, S., Watson, B. R., Fico, F. (2019). Analyzing media messages using quantitative content analysis is research (4th ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429464287
Roach, M. A. (2013). Mean reversion or a breath of fresh? The effect of NFL coaching changes on team performance in the salary cap era. Applied Economics Letters, 20(17), 1553-1556.
Rowe, W. G., Cannella Jr., A. A., Rankin, D., & Gorman, D. (2005). Leader succession and organizational performance: Integrating the common-sense, ritual scapegoating, and vicious-circle succession theories. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(2), 197-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.01.001
Sander, L. (2011, June 15). 22 elite college sports programs turned a profit in 2010, but gaps remain, NCAA report says. The Chronicle of Higher Education. http://chronicle.com/article/22-Elite-College-Sports/127921/
Satterfield, J., Croft, C., Gofrey, M., & Flint, A. (2010). Academic progress reports: Leadership implications for college basketball coaches. Academic Leadership: The Online Journal, 8(2).
Schaeperkoetter, C., Mays, J., Bass, R, J. (2017). “When there was no money in it, there were no men in it”: Examining gender differences in the evaluation of high performance coaches. International Sport Coaching Journal, 4(1), 95-100.
Schmidt, F. L., Hunter, J. E., & Outerbridge, A. N. (1986). Impact of job experience and ability on job knowledge, work sample performance, and supervisory ratings of job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 432-439. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.71.3.432
Shapiro, B. J. (1984). Intercollegiate athletic participation and academic achievement: A case study of Michigan State University student-athletes, 1950-1980. Sociology of Sport Journal, 1, 46-51.
Soebbing, B., & Washington, M. (2011). Leadership succession and organizational performance: Football coaches and organizational issues. Journal of Sport Management 25, 550–561.
Sperber, M. (2001). Beer and circus: How big-time college sport is crippling undergraduate education. Henry Holt.
Sterling, J. J., Phillips, M. G., & McDonald, M. G. (2017). Doing sport history in the digital present. Journal of Sport History, 44(2), 135-145.
Swim, N. M., Walker, K. B., Turick, R., Lawrence, W. J. (2021). The role of coach’s gender on coaching self-efficacy for Division III female student-athletes. Journal of Athlete Development & Experience, 3(1), 1-21.
Tracy, D. R., Johnson, J. E., Giannoulakis, C., Blom, L., Judge, L. W. (2018). Examining prior experiences and career attainment of FBS football head coaches. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 13(1) 46-61.
USA Today. (2018). NCAA Salaries. http://sports.usatoday.com/ncaa/salaries/mens-basketball/coach
Weiner, J. (2009). College sports 101. https://www.knightcommission.org/2009/09/college-sports-101-tile/
Wilson, M. J., & Burke, K. L. (2013). NCAA Division I men’s basketball coaching contracts: A comparative analysis of incentives for athletic and academic team performance between 2009 and 2012. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 6, 81-95.
Wolfe, R. A., Weick, K. E., Usher, J. M., Terborg, J. R., Poppo, L., Murrell, A.J., Dukerich, J. M., Core, D. C., Dickson, K. E., Jourdan, J. S. (2005). Sport and organizational studies: Exploring synergy. Journal of Management Inquiry, 14(2), 182-210. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492605275245