The Role of Team Identification and Self-Construal on Attitudes Toward Player Resting

Authors

  • Skyler King Weber State University
  • Ismail Karabas

Keywords:

player resting, fan attitudes, team identification, self-construal

Abstract

Purposely resting athletes during competitive games has become commonplace in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Despite this phenomenon, little research has investigated fan attitudes and behavioral intentions concerning the act of NBA teams purposely resting players. This study utilized Prolific Academic crowdsourcing service to recruit a national sample of NBA fans to participate in this research. Participants provided data concerning their attitudes toward the practice of player resting as well as their strength of team identification and self-construal level. Results indicate that those who are low on both team identification and an interdependent self-construal should be expected to respond negatively to resting. If fans are strong on either team identification, interdependent self-construal, or both, they are less likely to respond negatively to player resting.

References

Aaker, J. L., & Williams, P. (1998). Empathy Versus Pride: The Influence of Emotional Appeals Across Cultures. Journal of Consumer Research, 25(3), 241-261.

Aaker, J. L., & Lee, A. Y. (2001). “I” Seek Pleasures and “We” Avoid Pains: The Role of Self-Regulatory Goals in Information Processing and Persuasion. Journal of Consumer Research, 28(1), 33-49.

Aiken, K. D., Sukhdial, A., Campbell Jr., R. M., & Kent, A. (2020). Investigating Sport Fan Attitudes Toward Tanking: The Role of Values-Based Connections. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 29(4).

Amos, C., King, J., & King, S. (2021). The Health Halo of Morality-and Purity-Signifying Brand Names. Journal of Product & Brand Management.

Balsdon, E., Fong, L., & Thayer, M. A. (2007). Corruption in College Basketball? Evidence of Tanking in Postseason Conference Tournaments. Journal of Sports Economics, 8(1), 19-38.

Bergkvist, L., & Rossiter, J. R. (2007). The Predictive Validity of Multiple-Item Versus Single-Item Measures of the Same Constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 44(2), 175-184.

Bodet, G., & Bernache‐Assollant, I. (2011). Consumer Loyalty in Sport Spectatorship Services: The Relationships with Consumer Satisfaction and Team Identification. Psychology & Marketing, 28(8), 781-802.

Boerman, S. C., & Müller, C. M. (2022). Understanding Which Cues People Use to Identify Influencer Marketing on Instagram: An Eye Tracking Study and Experiment. International Journal of Advertising, 41(1), 6-29.

Bontemps, T. (2022). “NBA Commissioner Adam Silver Focused on Examining “Trend of Star Players Not Participating in a Full Complement of Games’”. Retrieved June 27, 2022, from https://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/33686144/nba-commissioner-adam-silver-focused-examining-trend-star-players-not-participating-full-complement-games.

Branscombe, N. R., & Wann, D. L. (1991). The Positive Social and Self Concept Consequences of Sports Team Identification. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 15(2), 115-127.

Branscombe, N. R., & Wann, D. L. (1992). Role of Identification with a Group, Arousal, Categorization Processes, and Self-Esteem in Sports Spectator Aggression. Human Relations, 45(10), 1013-1033.

Cameron, J. E. (2004). A Three-Factor Model of Social Identity. Self and Identity, 3(3), 239-262.

Chan, E. Y. (2019). Dirty Weekends and Personal Hygiene Products: The Embodiment of Casual Sex in Marketing. Psychology & Marketing, 36(6), 587-596.

Cross, S. E., Hardin, E. E., & Gercek-Swing, B. (2011). The What, How, Why, and Where of Self-Construal. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15(2), 142-179.

Demsar, V., Sands, S., Rosengren, S., & Campbell, C. (2022). Ad Creativity in a Negative Context: How a Thanking Message Frame Enhances Purchase Intention in Times of Crisis. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 64, 102825.

Drayer, J., & Shapiro, S. L. (2011). An Examination into the Factors that Influence Consumers’ Perceptions of Value. Sport Management Review, 14(4), 389-398.

Fiske, A. P., Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., & Nisbett, R. E. (1998). The Cultural Matrix of Social Psychology.

Fornwagner, H. (2019). Incentives to Lose Revisited: The NHL and its Tournament Incentives. Journal of Economic Psychology, 75, 102088.

Gardner, W. L., Gabriel, S., & Lee, A. Y. (1999). “I” Value Freedom, but “We” Value Relationships: Self-Construal Priming Mirrors Cultural Differences in Judgment. Psychological Science, 10(4), 321-326.

Golliver, B. (2012). “Spurs Fined $250K for Resting Players”. Retrieved July 15, 2022, from https://www.si.com/nba/2012/11/30/gregg-popovich-david-stern-spurs-fined-nba.

Gong, H., Watanabe, N. M., Soebbing, B. P., Brown, M. T., & Nagel, M. S. (2021). Exploring Tanking Strategies in the NBA: An Empirical Analysis of Resting Healthy Players. Sport Management Review, 1-21.

Grange, M. (2019). “The Maestro of Load Management has been Key to Raptors’ Playoff Success”. Retrieved January 23, 2023, from https://www.sportsnet.ca/basketball/nba/maestro-load-management-key-raptors-playoff-success/.

Hamilton, R. W., & Biehal, G. J. (2005). Achieving Your Goals or Protecting Their Future? The Effects of Self-View on Goals and Choices. Journal of Consumer Research, 32(2), 277-283.

Hayes, A. F. (2018). Partial, Conditional, and Moderated Moderated Mediation: Quantification, Inference, and Interpretation. Communication Monographs, 85(1), 4-40.

Henderson, C. M., Steinhoff, L., Harmeling, C. M., & Palmatier, R. W. (2021). Customer Inertia Marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 49(2), 350-373.

Hong, Y. Y., Morris, M. W., Chiu, C. Y., & Benet-Martinez, V. (2000). Multicultural Minds: A Dynamic Constructivist Approach to Culture and Cognition. American Psychologist, 55(7), 709.

Humphreys, B. R., & Johnson, C. (2020). The Effect of Superstars on Game Attendance: Evidence from the NBA. Journal of Sports Economics, 21(2), 152-175.

Hwang, Y., & Ballouli, K. (2021). Developing and Validating a Venue Stimuli-Local Image Fit Scale. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 30(4).

James, J. D., Delia, E. B., & Wann, D. L. (2019). "No" Is Not" Low": Improving the Assessment of Sport Team Identification. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 28(1), 34-45.

Jang, W., Wu, L., & Wen, J. (2021). Understanding the Effects of Different Types of Meaningful Sports Consumption on Sports Consumers’ Emotions, Motivations, and Behavioral Intentions. Sport Management Review, 24(1), 46-68.

Johnson, D. (2022). “How Warriors’ Approach to Resting Players Could Affect Them”. Retrieved July 15, 2022, from https://www.nbcsports.com/bayarea/warriors/how-warriors-approach-resting-players-could-affect-nba-standings?cid=Yahoo&partner=ya4nbcs.

Joireman, J., Mulder, M., Grégoire, Y., Sprott, D. E., & Munaganti, P. (2020). You Did What with My Donation?! Betrayal of Moral Mandates Increases Negative Responses to Redirected Donations to Donor-to-Recipient Charities. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research, 5(1), 83-94.

Kim, K. A., Byon, K. K., & Pedersen, P. M. (2020). Coping as a Mediation Mechanism between Severity of Spectator Dysfunctional Behavior and Revisit Intention: The Moderating Effects of Self-construal in Sport Consumption. Journal of Sport Management, 34(1), 38-52.

Kim, Y. M., & Kim, S. (2009). The Relationships between Team Attributes, Team Identification and Sponsor Image. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship.

Kunkel, T., Karg, A., & McDonald, H. (2022). The Utility of a Single-Item Self-Perception Fandom Measure for Sport Consumer Segmentation and Predicting Behavior. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 31(2).

Lee, C., & Won, D. (2012). Understanding Segmented Spectator Markets of a Minor League Baseball (MiLB) Team. Event Management, 16(4), 351-362.

Lin, Y. C., Chang, C. C. A., & Lin, Y. F. (2012). Self-Construal and Regulatory Focus Influences on Persuasion: The Moderating Role of Perceived Risk. Journal of Business Research, 65(8), 1152-1159.

Lock, D., & Heere, B. (2017). Identity Crisis: A Theoretical Analysis of ‘Team Identification’ Research. European Sport Management Quarterly, 17(4), 413-435.

Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and The Self: Implications for Cognition, Emotion, and Motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224.

Matsuoka, H., Chelladurai, P., & Harada, M. (2003). Direct and Interaction Effects of Team Identification and Satisfaction on Intention to Attend Games. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 12(4).

McManus, J. (2019). Ethical Considerations & The Practice of Tanking in Sport Management. Sport, Ethics and Philosophy, 13(2), 145-160.

Mudrick, M., Sauder, M. H., Davies, M., & Sheaffer, K. (2021). An Examination of Fan Support of Tanking in the NBA. Journal of Sport Behavior, 44(3), 357-375.

NBA (2021). “NBA Injury Report: 2021-2022 Season”. Retrieved July 16, 2022, from https://official.nba.com/nba-injury-report-2021-22-season/.

Palan, S., & Schitter, C. (2018). Prolific. ac—A Subject Pool for Online Experiments. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 17, 22-27.

Peer, E., Brandimarte, L., Samat, S., & Acquisti, A. (2017). Beyond the Turk: Alternative Platforms for Crowdsourcing Behavioral Research. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 70, 153-163.

Pelton, K., & Arnovitz, K (2019). “NBA Load Management: What We Know and Don’t Know”. Retrieved January 25, 2023, from https://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/28066201/nba-load-management-know-know.

Petrescu, M. (2013). Marketing Research Using Single-Item Indicators in Structural Equation Models. Journal of Marketing Analytics, 1(2), 99-117.

Pradhan, S., & Miller, T. J. (2022). Does Rest Breed rust? An Examination of DNP-Rest Decisions and Performance in the National Basketball Association Regular and Post-Season. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 4.

Rappaport, M. (2017, August 23). The Definitive History of ‘Trust the Process.’ Bleacher Report. https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2729018-the-definitive-history-of-trust-the-process.

Rees, T., Alexander Haslam, S., Coffee, P., & Lavallee, D. (2015). A Social Identity Approach to Sport Psychology: Principles, Practice, and Prospects. Sports Medicine, 45(8), 1083-1096.

Rifkin, J. R., Wight, K. G., & Cutright, K. M. (2022). No Bandwidth to Self-Gift: How Feeling Constrained Discourages Self-Gifting. Journal of Consumer Research.

Rohde, M., & Breuer, C. (2017). Financial Incentives and Strategic Behavior in European Professional Football: A Match Day Analysis of Starting Squads in the German Bundesliga and UEFA Competitions. International Journal of Sport Finance, 12(2).

Shapiro, S. L., Ridinger, L. L., & Trail, G. T. (2013). An Analysis of Multiple Spectator Consumption Behaviors, Identification, and Future Behavioral Intentions within the Context of a New College Football Program. Journal of Sport Management, 27(2), 130-145.

Statista. (2022). National Basketball Association (NBA) Interest in the United States as of May 2022, by Gender. Retrieved Feb 19, 2023, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/1098381/national-basketball-association-interest-gender/.

Swift, A., Karabas, I., & King, S. (2021). Exploring Donation and Purchase Intentions to Corporate Owned vs. Corporate Sponsored Foundations. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 1-18.

Tajfel, H., Turner, J. C., Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1979). An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict. Organizational Identity: A Reader, 56(65), 9780203505984-16.

Tsuji, Y., Bennett, G., & Zhang, J. (2007). Consumer Satisfaction with an Action Sports Event. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 16(4), 199.

Walker, M., & Kent, A. (2009). Do Fans Care? Assessing the Influence of Corporate Social Responsibility on Consumer Attitudes in the Sport Industry. Journal of Sport Management, 23(6), 743-769.

Wann, D. L., & Branscombe, N. R. (1993). Sports Fans: Measuring Degree of Identification with Their Team. International Journal of Sport Psychology.

Wann, D. L. (2006). Examining the Potential Causal Relationship between Sport Team Identification and Psychological Well-Being. Journal of Sport Behavior, 29(1), 79.

Wann, D. L., Grieve, F. G., Peetz, T. B., & Zapalac, R. K. (2021). Comparing the Identity Centrality of Sport Team Identification and Sport Fandom. Journal of Sport Behavior, 44(4), 500-510.

Windhorst, B. (2017). NBA Outlines Schedule Changes in Memo to Teams”. Retrieved Jan 7, 2023, from https://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/20286965/nba-issues-memo-detailing-how-add-rest-schedule.

Wojnarowski, A. (2017). NBA Passes Legislation on Draft Lottery Reform, Resting Healthy Players in Regular Season”. Retrieved Jan 7, 2023, from https://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/20851002/nba-board-governors-votes-pass-legislation-draft-lottery-reform-guidelines-resting-healthy-players.

Yang, X., Mao, H., & Peracchio, L. A. (2012). It's Not Whether You Win or Lose, It's How You Play the Game? The Role of Process and Outcome in Experience Consumption. Journal of Marketing Research, 49(6), 954-966.

Yang, H., van Rijn, M. B., & Sanders, K. (2020). Perceived Organizational Support and Knowledge Sharing: Employees’ Self-Construal Matters. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 31(17), 2217-2237.

Yoshida, M., Heere, B., & Gordon, B. (2015). Predicting Behavioral Loyalty Through Community: Why Other Fans are More Important than Our Own Intentions, Our Satisfaction, and the Team Itself. Journal of Sport Management, 29(3), 318-333.

Yoshida, M., Gordon, B. S., Nakazawa, M., & Yoshioka, N. (2021). An Integrated Model for Stadium Atmosphere and Stadium Attachment: An Empirical Test in Two Baseball Stadium Contexts. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 30(2).

Published

2024-03-01