Digital Self-Harm and the Protective Role of Sports Participation

Authors

  • Chad Loes Mount Mercy University

Keywords:

self-harm, digital self-harm, organized sports, positive youth development, adolescent

Abstract

A robust research base documents a range of positive outcomes associated with organized sports participation, including a reduced likelihood of self-harm. Despite this work, no research to date considers whether the protective effects of organized sports participation might extend to another aspect of self-harm: digital self-harm. Digital self-harm, or the anonymous posting of harmful information about oneself on the internet, is the focus of a small but growing number of studies. Guided by previous research and theory, I used data from the 2019 Florida Youth Substance Abuse Survey to investigate whether organized sports participation influences adolescents’ engagement in digital self-harm. The results from the analyses suggest that organized sports participation is negatively associated with digital self-harm, with one’s negative emotions attenuating a substantial portion of this influence. The findings from this study provide parents and other concerned parties with important information that may guide them in addressing this issue.

References

Adrian, M., McCauley, E., Berk, M. S., Asarnow, J. R., Korslund, K., Avina, C., Gallop, R., & Linehan, M. M. (2019). Predictors and moderators of recurring self-harm in adolescents participating in a comparative treatment trial of psychological interventions. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 60(10), 1123–1132. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13099

Agans, J. P., Ettekal, A. V., Erickson, K., & Lerner, R. M. (2016). Positive youth development through sport: A relational developmental systems approach. In N. L. Holt (Ed.), Positive youth development through sport (2nd ed., pp. 34–44). Routledge.

Agans, J. P., & Geldhof, G. J. (2012). Trajectories of participation in athletics and positive youth development: The influence of sport type. Applied Developmental Science, 16(3), 151–165. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2012.697792

Ahmed, K. R., Kolbe-Alexander, T., & Khan, A. (2022). Effectiveness of a school-based intervention on physical activity and screen time among adolescents. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 25(3), 242–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2021.10.007

Biddle, S. J. H., & Asare, M. (2011). Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: A review of reviews. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(11), 886–895. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2011-090185

Black, L. I., Terlizzi, E. P., & Vahratian, A. (2022). Organized sports participation among children aged 6–17 years: United States, 2020. NCHS Data Brief, no. 441. National Center for Health Statistics.

Boer, M., Stevens, G. W. J. M., Finkenauer, C., de Looze, M. E., & van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M. (2021). Social media use intensity, social media use problems, and mental health among adolescents: Investigating directionality and mediating processes. Computers in Human Behavior, 116, 106645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106645

Breen, R., Karlson, K. B., & Holm, A. (2013). Total, direct, and indirect effects in logit and probit models. Sociological Methods & Research, 42, 164–191. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124113494572

Breistøl, S., Clench-Aas, J., Roy, B. V., & Raanaas, R. K. (2017). Association between participating in noncompetitive or competitive sports and mental health among adolescents – a Norwegian population-based cross-sectional study. Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, 5(1), 28–38. https://doi.org/10.21307/sjcapp-2017-003

Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). L. Erlbaum Associates.

Deal, C. J., Jørgensen, H., Ormond, I., & Holt, N. L. (2020). Positive youth development through sport Enhancing contribution. In R. Marttinen, E. E. Centeio, & T. Quarmby (Eds.), Before and after school physical activity programs (pp. 45–56). Routledge.

Denault, A.-S., & Poulin, F. (2008). Associations between interpersonal relationships in organized leisure activities and youth adjustment. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 28(4), 477–502. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431608317607

Denault, A.-S., & Poulin, F. (2009). Intensity and breadth of participation in organized activities during the adolescent years: Multiple associations with youth outcomes. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(9), 1199–1213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9437-5

Dolenc, P. (2015). Anxiety, self-esteem and coping with stress in secondary school students in relation to involvement in organized sports. Slovenian Journal of Public Health, 54(3), 222–229. https://doi.org/10.1515/sjph-2015-0031

Duffy, M. E., Twenge, J. M., & Joiner, T. E. (2019). Trends in mood and anxiety symptoms and suicide-related outcomes among U.S. undergraduates, 2007–2018: Evidence from two national surveys. Journal of Adolescent Health, 65(5), 590–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.04.033

Eime, R. M., Young, J. A., Harvey, J. T., Charity, M. J., & Payne, W. R. (2013). A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents: Informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10(1), 98. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-10-98

Erreygers, S., Symons, M., Vandebosch, H., & Pabian, S. (2022). Fictitious online victimization: Exploration and creation of a measurement instrument. New Media & Society, 24(1), 156–177. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820960079

Favazza, A. R. (1996). Bodies under siege: Self-mutilation and body modification in culture and psychiatry. John Hopkins Press.

Gillies, D., Christou, M. A., Dixon, A. C., Featherston, O. J., Rapti, I., Garcia-Anguita, A., Villasis-Keever, M., Reebye, P., Christou, E., Al Kabir, N., & Christou, P. A. (2018). Prevalence and characteristics of self-harm in adolescents: Meta-analyses of community-based studies 1990–2015. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 57(10), 733–741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2018.06.018

Gottfredson, M., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford University Press.

Grasmick, H. G., Tittle, C. R., Bursik Jr, R. J., & Arneklev, B. J. (1993). Testing the core empirical implications of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 30(1), 5–29.

Hamza, C. A., Stewart, S. L., & Willoughby, T. (2012). Examining the link between nonsuicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior: A review of the literature and an integrated model. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(6), 482–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.05.003

Hawton, K., Saunders, K. E., & O’Connor, R. C. (2012). Self-harm and suicide in adolescents. The Lancet, 379(9834), 2373–2382. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60322-5

Heck, R. H., & Thomas, S. L. (2020). An introduction to multilevel modeling techniques: MLM and SEM approaches. Routledge.

Holt, N. L., Neely, K. C., Slater, L. G., Camiré, M., Côté, J., Fraser-Thomas, J., MacDonald, D., Strachan, L., & Tamminen, K. A. (2017). A grounded theory of positive youth development through sport based on results from a qualitative meta-study. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10(1), 1–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2016.1180704

Janssen, I., & LeBlanc, A. G. (2010). Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 7(1), 40. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-7-40

Karlson, K. B., & Holm, A. (2011). Decomposing primary and secondary effects: A new decomposition method. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 29(2), 221–237.

Karlson, K. B., Holm, A., & Breen, R. (2012). Comparing regression coefficients between same-sample nested models using logit and probit: A new method. Sociological Methodology, 42(1), 286–313. https://doi.org/10.1177/0081175012444861

Klemera, E., Brooks, F. M., Chester, K. L., Magnusson, J., & Spencer, N. (2017). Self-harm in adolescence: Protective health assets in the family, school and community. International Journal of Public Health, 62(6), 631–638. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-016-0900-2

Klonsky, E. D., & Glenn, C. R. (2008). Resisting urges to self-injure. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 36(2), 211–220. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465808004128

Lan, Z., Pau, K., Md Yusof, H., & Huang, X. (2022). The effect of emotion regulation on non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents: The mediating roles of sleep, exercise, and social support. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 15, 1451–1463. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S363433

Latina, D., Jaf, D., Alberti, R., & Tilton-Weaver, L. (2022). Can participation in organized sports help adolescents refrain from self-harm? An analysis of underlying mechanisms. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 59, 102133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102133

Law, D. M., Shapka, J. D., & Olson, B. F. (2010). To control or not to control? Parenting behaviours and adolescent online aggression. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(6), 1651–1656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.06.013

Lerner, R. M. (2009). The positive youth development perspective: Theoretical and empirical bases of strengths-based approach to adolescent development. In S. J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Oxford handbook of positive psychology (pp. 149–163). Oxford University Press.

Mahoney, J. L., Larson, R. W., Eccles, J. S., & Lord, H. (2005). Organized activities as developmental contexts for children and adolescents. In J. L. Mahoney, R. W. Larson, & J. S. Eccles (Eds.), Organized activities as contexts of development: Extracurricular act

ivities, after-school and community programs (pp. 3–22). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Meldrum, R. C., Jackson, D. B., Zgoba, K., & Testa, A. (2020). Sleep duration, handgun carrying, and taking a handgun to school: An analysis of a statewide sample of Florida youth. Sleep Health, 6(2), 153–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2019.11.008

Meldrum, R. C., Patchin, J. W., Young, J. T., & Hinduja, S. (2022). Bullying victimization, negative emotions, and digital self-harm: Testing a theoretical model of indirect effects. Deviant Behavior, 43(3), 303–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2020.1833380

Pacheco, E., Melhuish, N., & Fiske, J. (2019). Digital self-harm: Prevalence, motivations and outcomes for teens who cyberbully themselves. https://philarchive.org/ archive/PACDSP

Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2017). Digital self-harm among adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 61(6), 761–766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.06.012

Patchin, J. W., Hinduja, S., & Meldrum, R. C. (2022). Digital self-harm and suicidality among adolescents. Child and Adolescent Mental Health. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12574

Plener, P. L., Fischer, C. J., In-Albon, T., Rollett, B., Nixon, M. K., Groschwitz, R. C., & Schmid, M. (2013). Adolescent non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in German-speaking countries: Comparing prevalence rates from three community samples. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 48(9), 1439–1445. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-012-0645-z

Pluhar, E., McCracken, C., Griffith, K. L., Christino, M. A., Sugimoto, D., & Meehan, W. P. (2019). Team sport athletes may be less likely to suffer anxiety or depression than individual sport athletes. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 18(3), 490–496.

Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879

Rabe-Hesketh, S., & Skrondal, A. (2008). Multilevel and longitudinal modeling using Stata. Stata press.

Rideout, V., Peebles, A., Mann, S., & Robb, M. B. (2022). Common sense census: Media use by tweens and teens, 2021. Common Sense.

Rideout, V., & Robb, M. B. (2019). The common sense census: Media use by tweens and teens. Common Sense Media.

Semenza, D. C., Meldrum, R. C., Testa, A., & Jackson, D. B. (2022). Sleep duration, depressive symptoms, and digital self-harm among adolescents. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 27(2), 103–110. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12457

Smith, E. K., Lacy, M. G., & Mayer, A. (2019). Performance simulations for categorical mediation: Analyzing KHB estimates of mediation in ordinal regression models. The Stata Journal, 19(4), 913–930. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X19893638

Steele, M. A., Power, J., & Smith, H. P. (2022). A functional approach to the assessment of non-suicidal self-injury on YouTube. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 43(9), 808–817. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2022.2072547

Sutton, J. (2007). Healing the Hurt Within 3rd Edition: Understand self-injury and self-harm, and heal the emotional wounds. Hachette UK.

Torstveit, M. K., Johansen, B. T., Haugland, S. H., & Stea, T. H. (2018). Participation in organized sports is associated with decreased likelihood of unhealthy lifestyle habits in adolescents. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 28(11), 2384–2396. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13250

Turner, M. G., Phillips, M. D., Tigri, H. B., Williams, M. A., & Hartman, J. L. (2016). On the association between repeat bully victimizations and carrying a firearm: Evidence in a national sample. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 60(8), 871–896. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X15573547

Twenge, J. M. (2020). Increases in depression, self‐harm, and suicide among U.S. adolescents after 2012 and links to technology use: Possible mechanisms. Psychiatric Research and Clinical Practice, 2(1), 19–25. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.prcp.20190015

Vaala, S. E., & Bleakley, A. (2015). Monitoring, mediating, and modeling: Parental influence on adolescent computer and Internet use in the United States. Journal of Children and Media, 9(1), 40–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2015.997103

van Woudenberg, T. J., Bevelander, K. E., Burk, W. J., & Buijzen, M. (2020). The reciprocal effects of physical activity and happiness in adolescents. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 17(1), 147. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-01058-8

Von Hippel, P. T. (2020). How many imputations do you need? A two-stage calculation using a quadratic rule. Sociological Methods & Research, 49(3), 699–718. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124117747303

Williams, R., & Jorgensen, A. (2023). Comparing logit & probit coefficients between nested models. Social Science Research, 109, 102802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2022.102802

Wilson, O. W. A., Whatman, C., Walters, S., Keung, S., Enari, D., Rogers, A., Millar, S.-K., Ferkins, L., Hinckson, E., Hapeta, J., Sam, M., & Richards, J. (2022). The value of sport: wellbeing benefits of sport participation during adolescence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(14), 8579. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148579

Zuckerman, S. L., Tang, A. R., Richard, K. E., Grisham, C. J., Kuhn, A. W., Bonfield, C. M., & Yengo-Kahn, A. M. (2021). The behavioral, psychological, and social impacts of team sports: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 49(3), 246–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2020.1850152

Published

2024-09-01