From Die-Hards to Fair-Weather Fans:
Exploring Identity Threat in the Growing WNBA Fanbase
Keywords:
social identity, optimal distinctiveness, WNBAAbstract
For many, being a sport fan is a core part of their identity, driving reactions when that identity feels threatened. This study examines how long-time WNBA fans may strive to differentiate themselves from the millions of new fans drawn to players like Caitlyn Clark, as they seek to maintain their established sense of identity. Using Google Search Tools, we found that the term “Longtime WNBA Fans” is growing in popularity, suggesting concerns about group distinctiveness. We discuss the theoretical rationale for this distinctiveness and a troubling trend of bias associated with new fans.
References
Abrams, D., Thomas, J., & Hogg, M. A. (1990). Numerical distinctiveness, social identity and gender salience. British Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 87-92. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00889.x
Brewer, M. B. (1979). Ingroup bias in the minimal intergroup situation: A cognitive motivational analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 307-324. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.307
Brewer, M. B. (1991). The social self: On being the same and different at the same time. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17(5), 475–482. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167291175001
Dietz-Uhler, B., & Lanter, J. R. (2008). The consequences of sport fan identification. In L. Hugenberg, P. Haridakis, & A. Earnheardt (Eds.), Media and mediate sports fandom. (pp. 103-113). McFarland & Company, Inc.
End, C. M., Dietz‐Uhler, B., Harrick, E. A., & Jacquemotte, L. (2002). Identifying with winners: A reexamination of sport fans’ tendency to BIRG. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(5), 1017-1030. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559 1816.2002.tb00253.x
Funk, D. C., & James, J. (2001). The psychological continuum model: A conceptual framework for understanding an individual's psychological connection to sport. Sport Management Review, 4(2), 119-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1441-3523(01)70072-1
Funk, D., Lock, D., Karg, A., & Pritchard, M. (2016). Sport consumer behavior research: Improving our game. Journal of`
Sport Management, 30(2), 113-116. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2016-0028
Leonardelli, G. J., Pickett, C. L., & Brewer, M. B. (2010). Optimal distinctiveness theory: A framework for social identity, social cognition, and intergroup relations. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 43, pp. 63-113). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(10)43002-6
Lock, D., Funk, D. C., Doyle, J. P., & McDonald, H. (2014). Journal of Sport Management, 28(1), 22-38. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2012-0191
Tajfel, H. (1978). Social categorization, social identity, and social comparison. In H. Tajfel (Ed.), Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations (pp.61–76). New York: Academic Press.
Turner, J. C., & Oakes, P. (1989). Self-categorization theory and social influence. In P. B. Paulus (Ed.), Psychology of group influence (2nd ed., pp. 233-275). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Wann, D. L. (2022). Using sport fandom to fulfill personal and societal needs. In Routledge Handbook of Sport Fans and Fandom (pp. 21-31). Routledge.
Wann, D. L., & Branscombe, N. R. (1990). Die-hard and fair-weather fans: Effects of identification on BIRGing and CORFing tendencies. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 14(2), 103-117. https://doi.org/10.1177/019372359001400203
Washington Post. (2019, May 22). The WNBA is having trouble catching on, but men's pro sports had problems, too. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/kidspost/the-wnba-is-having-trouble- catching-on-but-mens-pro-sports-had-problems-too/2019/05/22/ffa9cfde-7b23-11e9-a5b3-34f3edf1351e_story.html
WNBA. (2024, September 27). WNBA delivers record-setting 2024 season. WNBA. Retrieved from https://www.wnba.com/news/wnba-delivers-record-setting-2024-season