Effect of Goal Type (Distance vs. Duration) on Self-Selected Exercise Intensity
Keywords:
goals; distance; time; duration; self-selected intensity; attentional focusAbstract
The focus of the two studies was to examine the impact of duration versus distance goals on self-selected exercise intensity. In study one, participants (N = 64) completed two exercise bouts on a lab treadmill, a ten-minute and a one-mile. Participants chose significantly faster speeds during the distance bout compared to the duration bout (h2 = .55). In a second study conducted in a student health and activities center, participants (N = 33) completed a two-mile bout and a 20-minute bout on an indoor track exactly one week apart. Again, participants selected significantly faster speeds during the distance bout (h2 = .40). Sex differences were found across both studies. The impact of goal types was more pronounced for males. Attentional focus emerged as a potential explanatory variable for differences in goal conditions. Applied implications for practitioners and researchers, limitations, and ideas for future research are discussed.
References
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Pintar, J. A., Robertson, R. J., Kriska, A. M., Nagle, E., & Goss, F. L. (2006). The influence of fitness and body weight on preferred exercise intensity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5), 981-988. doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000218128.66077.97
Stevinson, C. D., & Biddle, S. J. H. (1998). Cognitive orientations in marathon running and "hitting the wall". British Journal of Sports Medicine, 32, 229-235.
Swain, D. P. and Franklin, B. A. (2006). Comparison of cardioprotective benefits of vigorous versus moderate intensity aerobic exercise. The American Journal of Cardiology, 97(1), 141-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.07.130
Tod, D., Edwards, C., McGuigan, M., & Lovell, G. (2015). A systematic review of the effect of cognitive strategies on strength performance. Sports Medicine, 45, 1589-1602.
doi: 10.1007/s40279-015-0356-1
Weinberg, R. S. (2014). Goal setting in sport and exercise: Research to practice. In J. L. Van Raalte & B. W. Brewer (Eds.), Exploring sport and exercise psychology (pp. 33-54). Washington, DC: APA.
Williams, P. T. (2012). Advantage of distance-versus-time-based estimates of walking in predicting adiposity. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 44, 1728–1737. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e318258af3f
Wininger, S. R., & Gieske, D. E. (2010). Measure of attentional focus: Cognitive interviews and a field study. Athletic Insight Journal, 2(2), 125-146. doi: 10.14198/jhse.2017.121.09
Borg, G. (1998). Borg’s perceived exertion and pain scales. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). State indicator report on physical activity, 2014. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Chatterjee, S., Chatterjee, P., & Bandyopadhyay, A. (2005). Validity of Queen’s College step test for estimation of maximum oxygen uptake in female students. British The Indian Journal of Medical Research, 121, 32-35.
Chatterjee, S., Chatterjee, P., Mukherjee, P. S., & Bandyopadhyay, A. (2004). Validity of Queen’s College step test for use with young Indian men. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 38, 289.
Cunningham, D. A., Rechnitzer, P. A., Pearce, M. E., and Donner, A. P. (1982). Determinants of self-selected walking pace across ages 19 to 66. Journal of Gerontology, 37(5), 560-564.
https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/37.5.560
Ekkekakis, P., Lind, E., & Joens-Matre, R. R. (2006). Can self-reported preference for exercise intensity predict physiologically defined self-selected exercise intensity? Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 77(1), 81-90. doi: 10.1080/02701367.2006.10599334
Ekkekakis, P., Parfitt, G., & Petruzzello, S. J. (2011). The pleasure and displeasure people feel when they exercise at different intensities: Decennial update and progress towards a tripartite rationale for exercise intensity prescription. Sports Medicine, 41(8), 641-671. doi: 10.2165/11590680-000000000-00000
Feldman, D. I., Al-Mallah, M. H., Keteyian, S. J., Brawner, C. A., Feldman, T., Blumenthal, R. S., & Blaha, M. J. (2015). No evidence of an upper threshold for mortality benefit at high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 65(6), 629-630. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.11.030
Garriguet, D., Tremblay, S., & Colley, R. C. (2015). Comparison of Physical Activity Adult Questionnaire results with accelerometer data. Health Reports, 26(7), 11-17.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0145950
Griffin-Pierson, S. (1990). The competitiveness questionnaire: A measure of two components of competitiveness. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 23, 108-115.
Himann, J. E., Cunningham, D. A., Rechnitzer, P. A., & Paterson, D. H. (1988). Age-related changes in speed of walking. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 20(2), 161-166. doi: 10.1249/00005768-198804001-00010
Hyde, J. S., Bigler, R. S., Joel, D., Tate, C. C., & van Anders, S. M. (2019). The future of sex and gender in psychology: Five challenges to the gender binary. American Psychologist, 74, 171-193.
Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (1990). A theory of goal setting and task performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2002). Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation. American Psychologist, 57, 705-717. doi: 10.1037//0003-066X.57.9.705
Luke, A., Dugas, L. R., Durazo-Arvizu, R. A., Cao, G., & Cooper, R. S. (2011). Assessing physical activity and its relationship to cardiovascular risk factors: NHANES 2003-2006. BioMed Central Public Health, 11, 387. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-387
Malatesta, D., Simar, D., Dauvilliers, Y., Candau, R., Ben Saad, H., Préfaut, C., & Caillaud, C. (2004). Aerobic determinants of the decline in preferred walking speed in healthy, active 65- and 80-year-olds. European Journal of Physiology, 447, 915-921. doi: 10.1007/s00424-003-1212-y
Marcus, B., & Simkin, L. (1993). The stages of exercise behavior. The Journal of Sports
Medicine and Physical Fitness, 33, 83-88.
Masters, K. S., & Ogles, B. M. (1998). Associative and Dissociative Cognitive Strategies in Exercise and Running: 20 Years Later, What Do We Know? The Sport Psychologist, 12, 253-270.
Mattsson, E., Larsson, U., & Rossner, S. (1997). Is walking for exercise too exhausting for obese women? International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 21(5), 380-386. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800417
McArdle, W. D., Katch, F. I., Pechar, G. S., Jacobson, L., & Ruck, S. (1972). Reliability and interrelationships between maximal oxygen intake, physical work capacity and step-test scores in college women. Medicine and Science in Sports, 4, 182-186.
doi: 10.1249/00005768-197200440-00019
Morgan, W. P., & Pollock, M. L. (1977). Psychological characterization of the elite distance runner. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 301, 382-405.
Morris, C. E., Garner, J. C., Owens, S. G., Valiant, M. W., Debusk, H., & Loftin, M. (2017). A prospective study comparing distance-based vs. time-based exercise prescriptions of walking and running in previously sedentary overweight adults. International Journal of Exercise Science, 10(5), 782-797.
Pintar, J. A., Robertson, R. J., Kriska, A. M., Nagle, E., & Goss, F. L. (2006). The influence of fitness and body weight on preferred exercise intensity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5), 981-988. doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000218128.66077.97
Stevinson, C. D., & Biddle, S. J. H. (1998). Cognitive orientations in marathon running and "hitting the wall". British Journal of Sports Medicine, 32, 229-235.
Swain, D. P. and Franklin, B. A. (2006). Comparison of cardioprotective benefits of vigorous versus moderate intensity aerobic exercise. The American Journal of Cardiology, 97(1), 141-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.07.130
Tod, D., Edwards, C., McGuigan, M., & Lovell, G. (2015). A systematic review of the effect of cognitive strategies on strength performance. Sports Medicine, 45, 1589-1602.
doi: 10.1007/s40279-015-0356-1
Weinberg, R. S. (2014). Goal setting in sport and exercise: Research to practice. In J. L. Van Raalte & B. W. Brewer (Eds.), Exploring sport and exercise psychology (pp. 33-54). Washington, DC: APA.
Williams, P. T. (2012). Advantage of distance-versus-time-based estimates of walking in predicting adiposity. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 44, 1728–1737. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e318258af3f
Wininger, S. R., & Gieske, D. E. (2010). Measure of attentional focus: Cognitive interviews and a field study. Athletic Insight Journal, 2(2), 125-146. doi: 10.14198/jhse.2017.121.09
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