Self-Efficacy of Female Youth Athletes in a Positive Youth Development Program
Keywords:
Self-efficacy, Adolescent, Sport participation, Sport performance, Sport PsychologyAbstract
A large proportion of adolescents participate in athletics (Kelley & Carchia, 2003). It has been well documented that athletes’ perceived self-efficacy is strongly associated with their performance (Hepler & Chase, 2008; Moritz et al., 2000). The current study examined the sport-specific competency of adolescents, as well as explored which sources (Bandura, 1977) contributed most strongly to their perceived self-efficacy, during an intensive, sport-specific training camp. Female adolescents were surveyed before and after the intensive training camp. The results revealed that adolescent-aged athletes’ perceptions of their sport-specific self-efficacy increased pre- to post-camp, that their endorsement of the sources of efficacy tended to increase pre- to post-camp, and that the sources of efficacy tended not to account for a significant amount of the variance in individuals’ perceptions of self-efficacy. Suggestions for coaches and mentors at sport-focused programs are provided.
References
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Petitpas, A. J., Cornelius, A. E., Van Raalte, J. L., & Jones, T. (2005). A framework for planning youth sport programs that foster psychosocial development. The Sport Psychologist, 19, 63-80. doi: 10.1123/tsp.19.1.63
Santos, F. & Camiré, M, (2016). Youth sport coaches’ role in facilitating positive youth development in Portugese field hockey. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1-14. doi: 10.1080/1612197X.2016.1187655
Skolnick, A. A. (1993). Studies raise doubt about benefit of athletics in reducing unhealthy behavior among adolescents. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 7, 798-800. doi: 10.1001/jama.1993.03510070020004
Shearer, D. A., Holmes, P., & Mellalieu, S. D. (2009). Collective efficacy in sport: The future from a social neuroscience perspective. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2(1), 38-53. doi: 10.1080/17509840802695816
Short, S. & Ross-Stewart, L. (2009). A review of self-efficacy based interventions. In S. Mellalieu & S. Hanton (Eds.), Advances in applied sport psychology (pp. 221-280). Ne York, NY: Routledge.
Shunk, D. H. & Meece, J. L. (2005). Self-efficacy development in adolescences. In F. Pajares & T. Urdan (Eds.), Self-efficacy beliefs of adolescents (pp. 71-96). Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing.
Smith, R. E. & Smoll, F. L. (2002). Youth sports as a behavior setting for psychological interventions. In J.L. Van Raalte & B.W. Brewer (Eds.), Exploring sport and exercise psychology (2nd ed., pp. 341-371). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Treasure, D. C., Monson, J., & Lox, C. L., (1996). Relationship between self-efficacy, wrestling performance, and affect prior to competition. The Sport Psychologist, 10, 73-83. doi: 10.1123/tsp.10.1.73
Turnnidge, J., Côté, J., & Hancock, D. J. (2014). Positive youth development from sport to life: explicit or implicit transfer? National Association for Kinesiology in Higher Education, quest (66), 203-217. doi: 10.1080/00336297.2013.867275.
Vargas-Tonsing, T. M., Meyers, N. D. & Feltz, D. L. (2004). Coaches’ and athletes’ perceptions of efficacy-enhancing techniques. The Sport Psychologist, 18, 397-414. doi: 10.1123/tsp.18.4.397
Vygotsky, L. S. (1986). Thought and language (A. Kozulin, Trans.). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Weigand, D. A. & Stockham, K. J. (2000). The importance of analyzing position- specific self-efficacy. Journal of Sport Behavior, 23, 61-69. Retrieved from Ebsco Host.
Weiss, M. R., Wiese, D. M., & Klint, K. A. (1989) Head over heels with success: The relationship between self- efficacy and performance in competitive youth gymnastics. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 11(4), 444-451. doi: 10.1123/jsep.11.4.444
Zarrett, N., Fay, K., Li, Y., Carrano, J., Phillips, E., & Lerner, R. M. (2009). More than child’s play: Variable- and pattern-centered approaches for examining effects of sports participation on youth development. Developmental Psychology, 45, 368-382. doi: 10.1037/a0014577
Bandura, A. (1977). Self- Efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavior change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
Bandura, A. (1995). Exercise of personal and collective efficacy in changing societies. In A. Bandura (Ed.), Self-efficacy in changing societies (pp. 1-45). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-Efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
Bandura, A. & Wood, R. E. (1989). Effect of perceived controllability and performance standards on self-regulation of complex decision-making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 805-814. doi: 0022-3514/89/S00.75
Bruton, A.M., Mellalieu, S. D., & Shearer, D. A. (2016). Observation as a method to enhance collective efficacy: An integrative review. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 24, 1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.01.002
Chase, M. A., Feltz, D. L., & Lirgg, C. D. (2011). Sources of collective and individual efficacy of collegiate athletes. International Journal of Sports and Exercise Psychology, 1, 180-191. doi: 10.1080/1612197X.2003.9671711
Danish, S., Petitpas, A., & Hale, B. (1990). Sport as a context for developing competence. In T.P. Gulatta, G.R. Adams, & R. Montemayor (Eds.), Developing social competency in adolescence (pp. 169-194). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publishing
Danish, S., Petitpas, A., & Hale, B. (1993). Life development interventions with athletes: life skills through sports. The Counseling Psychologist, 21, 352-385. doi: 10.1177/
0011000093213002
Emery, C.A., & Tyreman, H. (2009). Sport participation, sport injury, risk factors and sport
safety practices in Calgary and area junior high schools. Pediatrics & Child Health, 7, 439-444. doi: 10.1093/pch/14.7.439
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 1149-1160. doi: 10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
Feltz, D.L. (1995). Understanding motivation in sport: A self-efficacy perspective. In G. C. Roberts (Ed.), Motivation in Sport and Exercise (pp.93-105). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Books.
Feltz, D. L. & Magyar, T. M. (2006). Self-efficacy and adolescents in sport and physical activity. In F. Pajares & T. Urdan (Eds.), Self-efficacy beliefs of adolescents (pp. 161-179). Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing.
Feltz, D. L., Short, S. E., & Sullivan, P. (2008). Self-efficacy in sport: Research and strategies for working with athletes, teams, and coaches. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Books.
Gano-Overway, L. A., Magyar, T. M., Kim, M., Newton, M., Fry, M. D., & Guivernau, M. R. (2009). Influence of caring youth sport contacts on efficacy related beliefs and social behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 45, 329-340. doi: 10.1037/a0014067
Hepler, T. J. & Chase, M. A. (2008). Relationship between decision-making self- efficacy, and the performance of sport skill. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26, 603-610. doi: 10.1080/
02640410701654280
Kelley, B. & Carchia, C. (2013, July 16) Hey, data data--swing! Retrieved from http://espn.go.com
Lerner, R. M. (2005). Promoting positive youth development: Theoretical and empirical bases. Institute for Applied Research in Youth Development: Tufts University, 1-92.
Lener, R. M., Lemer, J. V., Almerigi, J., Theokas, C., Phelps, E., Gestsdottir, S. … von Eye, A. (2005). Positive youth development, participation in community youth development programs, and community contributions of fifth grade adolescents: Findings from the first wave of the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development. Journal of Early Adolescence, 25, 17-71. doi: 10.1177/0272431604272461
Mahoney, J. (2000). School extracurricular activity participation as a moderator in the development of antisocial patterns. Child Development, 71(2), 502-516. doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.00160
Mahoney, J., Cairns, B., & Farmer, T. (2003). Promoting interpersonal competence and educational success through extracurricular activity participation. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(2), 409-418. doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.95.2.409
Moritz, S. E., Feltz, D. L., Fahrbach, K. R., & Mack, D. E. (2000). The relation of self-efficacy measures to sport performance: A meta-analytic review. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 71, 280 – 294. doi: 10.1080/02701367.2000.10608908
Petitpas, A. J., & Champagne, D. E. (2000). Sports and social competence. In S. J. Danish & T. P. Gullotta (Eds.), Developing competent youth and strong communities through after-school programming (pp. 115-137). Washington, DC,: Child Welfare League of America.
Petitpas, A. J., Cornelius, A. E., Van Raalte, J. L., & Jones, T. (2005). A framework for planning youth sport programs that foster psychosocial development. The Sport Psychologist, 19, 63-80. doi: 10.1123/tsp.19.1.63
Santos, F. & Camiré, M, (2016). Youth sport coaches’ role in facilitating positive youth development in Portugese field hockey. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1-14. doi: 10.1080/1612197X.2016.1187655
Skolnick, A. A. (1993). Studies raise doubt about benefit of athletics in reducing unhealthy behavior among adolescents. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 7, 798-800. doi: 10.1001/jama.1993.03510070020004
Shearer, D. A., Holmes, P., & Mellalieu, S. D. (2009). Collective efficacy in sport: The future from a social neuroscience perspective. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2(1), 38-53. doi: 10.1080/17509840802695816
Short, S. & Ross-Stewart, L. (2009). A review of self-efficacy based interventions. In S. Mellalieu & S. Hanton (Eds.), Advances in applied sport psychology (pp. 221-280). Ne York, NY: Routledge.
Shunk, D. H. & Meece, J. L. (2005). Self-efficacy development in adolescences. In F. Pajares & T. Urdan (Eds.), Self-efficacy beliefs of adolescents (pp. 71-96). Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing.
Smith, R. E. & Smoll, F. L. (2002). Youth sports as a behavior setting for psychological interventions. In J.L. Van Raalte & B.W. Brewer (Eds.), Exploring sport and exercise psychology (2nd ed., pp. 341-371). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Treasure, D. C., Monson, J., & Lox, C. L., (1996). Relationship between self-efficacy, wrestling performance, and affect prior to competition. The Sport Psychologist, 10, 73-83. doi: 10.1123/tsp.10.1.73
Turnnidge, J., Côté, J., & Hancock, D. J. (2014). Positive youth development from sport to life: explicit or implicit transfer? National Association for Kinesiology in Higher Education, quest (66), 203-217. doi: 10.1080/00336297.2013.867275.
Vargas-Tonsing, T. M., Meyers, N. D. & Feltz, D. L. (2004). Coaches’ and athletes’ perceptions of efficacy-enhancing techniques. The Sport Psychologist, 18, 397-414. doi: 10.1123/tsp.18.4.397
Vygotsky, L. S. (1986). Thought and language (A. Kozulin, Trans.). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Weigand, D. A. & Stockham, K. J. (2000). The importance of analyzing position- specific self-efficacy. Journal of Sport Behavior, 23, 61-69. Retrieved from Ebsco Host.
Weiss, M. R., Wiese, D. M., & Klint, K. A. (1989) Head over heels with success: The relationship between self- efficacy and performance in competitive youth gymnastics. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 11(4), 444-451. doi: 10.1123/jsep.11.4.444
Zarrett, N., Fay, K., Li, Y., Carrano, J., Phillips, E., & Lerner, R. M. (2009). More than child’s play: Variable- and pattern-centered approaches for examining effects of sports participation on youth development. Developmental Psychology, 45, 368-382. doi: 10.1037/a0014577
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2022-02-13
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